UPSC Civil Services Syllabus
Comprehensive interactive micro-topic checklist for Prelims & Mains preparation. Track, document, and master every single subtopic systematically.
Covers Ancient History, Medieval History, Modern Indian History, and Indian Art and Culture with every micro-topic mapped out.
Ancient Indian History
Prehistory
- Prehistoric Time Periods
- Sources of Information of Pre-History
- History of Paleolithic or Old Stone Age
- History of Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age
- History of Neolithic Age or New Stone Age
- History of Chalcolithic Age
- History of Early Iron Age
- Geographical Distribution and Characteristics of Pre-History
Harappan/Indus Valley Civilisation
- Phases of Evolution of Harappan Civilisation
- Geography and Archaeological Findings of Indus Valley Civilisation
- Important Urban Towns
- Town Planning
- Socio-Cultural Aspects of Indus Valley Civilisation
- Script and Language
- Crafts
- Religions
- Seals and Images
- Economic Aspects of Indus Valley Civilisation
- Harappan Trade
- Agriculture
- Domestication of animals
- Weights and Measures
- Decline of Harappan Civilisation
History of Early Vedic/Rigvedic Period
History of Later Vedic Period
History of South India: The Sangam Dynasties
Jainism and Buddhism
- Factors Responsible for their Advent
- Jainism: Birth and Life of Mahavira (540- 468 B.C.)
- Tirthankaras of Jainism
- Teachings of Mahavira
- Important Tenets of Jainism
- Five Doctrines of Jainism
- Three Jewels of Jainism
- Organizational Setup and Sects of Jainism
- Jain Councils
- Literature of Jainism
- Jain Architecture
- Associated Terminology
- Overall Contribution
- Buddhism: Birth and Life of Buddha (563-483 BC) & Great Events
- Teachings of Buddha
- 3 Jewels (Buddhism)
- 4 Noble Truths (Buddhism)
- 5 Principles (Buddhism)
- 8-fold Path (Buddhism)
- Concept of Bodhisattvas
- Organisation (Sangha) and Sects of Buddhism
- Buddhist Councils
- Spread of Buddhism and Royal Patronage
- Literary Sources of Buddhism
- 3 Pittakas
- Causes for the Decline (Buddhism)
- Overall Contribution of Buddhism
Age of Mahajanapadas (Pre-Mauryan Period)
Mauryan Empire
- Sources of Information: Inscriptions
- Sources of Information: Coins and Sites
- Sources of Information: Literary Sources (Indian Texts and Travellers Account)
- Political History of the Mauryas
- Chandragupta
- Bindusara
- Ashoka and His Successors
- Ashoka’s Inscriptions and Sites
- Ashokan Reign
- Ashoka and Buddhism
- Ashoka Policy of Dhamma
- Aspects of Mauryan Economy
- Aspects of Mauryan Polity
- Administration (Important Offices)
- Society
- Foreign Relations
- Decline of the Mauryas
History of Post Mauryan Period
History of Gupta Age (Golden Age)
- Sources of Information about Gupta Period
- Important Gupta Kings: Srigupta
- Important Gupta Kings: Chandragupta I
- Important Gupta Kings: Samudragupta
- Important Gupta Kings: Chandragupta II
- Important Gupta Kings: Kumaragupta I
- Important Gupta Kings: Skandagupta
- Decline of Guptas
- Aspects of Gupta Rule: Administration
- Aspects of Gupta Rule: Economy
- Aspects of Gupta Rule: Society
- Aspects of Gupta Rule: Religion and Culture
- Aspects of Gupta Rule: Art and Architecture
- Aspects of Gupta Rule: Literature
- Foreign Travellers and their Accounts
- Urban centers in Gupta Period
- Development of Science and Technology
- Later Guptas
- Other Important Dynasties
Harshvardhan and Southern Dynasties in 7th Century India
- Military Conquests of Harshvardhan
- Administration (Harsha)
- Economy (Harsha)
- Society and Culture (Harsha)
- Religion (Harsha)
- Harsha and Buddhism
- Art and Architecture (Harsha)
- Pallavas of Kanchi and Chalukyas of Badami
- Administration (Pallavas & Chalukyas)
- Economy (Pallavas & Chalukyas)
- Society and Culture (Pallavas & Chalukyas)
- Religion (Pallavas & Chalukyas)
- Art and Architecture (Pallavas & Chalukyas)
Medieval Indian History
Early Medieval Period (750-1200) and Dynasties
Islamic Invasions
The Delhi Sultanate
- Slave Dynasty: Qutubuddin Aibak
- Slave Dynasty: Iltutmish
- Slave Dynasty: Rajia Sultan
- Slave Dynasty: Ghiyasuddin Balban
- Various Aspects of Rule under Slaves
- Khilji Dynasty: Jalaluddin Khilji
- Khilji Dynasty: Alauddin Khilji
- Various Aspects of Rule under Khiljis
- Tughlaq Dynasty: Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
- Tughlaq Dynasty: Mohd. Bin Tughlaq
- Tughlaq Dynasty: Firuz Shah Tughlaq
- Various Aspects of Rule under Tughlaqs
- Provincial Kingdoms and Resistance by Indian Chiefs
- Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 AD)
- Lodhi Dynasty: Behlul Lodhi
- Lodhi Dynasty: Sikander Lodhi
- Lodhi Dynasty: Ibrahim Lodhi
- Administration under Delhi Sultanate
- Economy: Various Initiative by Different Kings
- Military and Attacks by Mongols and other Turks
- Society and Culture (Delhi Sultanate)
- Decline of the Sultanate
Mughal Rule
- Babur: First Battle of Panipat
- Babur: Challenges after the Battle of Panipat
- Babur: Struggle with Rana Sanga
- Babur: Problems of the Eastern Areas and the Afghans
- Babur’s Contribution and Significance of his Advent
- Humayun and the Afghans
- Humayun: Early Activities and Tussle with Bahadur Shah
- Humayun: The Gujarat Campaign
- Humayun: The Bengal Campaign and Struggle with Sher Khan
- Social and Political Background of Bihar and Rise of Sher Shah
- The Sur Empire (1540-56)
- Sher Shah Suri Contribution: Coinage
- Sher Shah Suri Contribution: Architecture
- Akbar: Conflict with the Afghans - Hemu
- Akbar: 2nd Battle of Panipat
- Akbar: Battle of Haldighati
- Akbar Early Expansion: Early Expansion of the Empire (1560-76)
- Akbar Expansion: Relations with the Rajputs
- Akbar Expansion: Rebellions and Northwest Expansion
- Akbar Expansion: Concept of Suzerainty
- Akbar Administration: Central and Provincial Administration
- Akbar Administration: Land-Revenue System
- Akbar Administration: The Dahsala System
- Akbar Administration: The Mansabdari System
- Akbar Administration: Other Aspects of Administration
- Akbar Administration: Concept of Navaratnas
- Akbar Socio-Religious Initiatives: Relations with the Ulama and Social Reforms
- Akbar Socio-Religious: The First Phase (1556-73)
- Akbar Socio-Religious: The Second Phase (1573-80) - the Ibadat Khana
- Akbar Socio-Religious: The Final Phase - Din-i-Ilahi
- Jahangir: Territorial Consolidation and Expansion (Mewar, East India, Kangra)
- Jahangir: Arrival of British Envoys in Jahangir’s Court
- Jahangir: State and Religion in the First Half of the 17th Century
- Shah Jahan: Development of Art and Architecture
- Shah Jahan: Evolution of the Mughal Ruling Class and the Mansabdari System
- Aurangzeb: Expansion of Empire
- Aurangzeb and the Deccani States (1658-87)
- Aurangzeb Deccani States: Treaty of Purandar (1665)
- Aurangzeb: Marathas and the Deccan (1687-1707)
- Aurangzeb: Assessment of Aurangzeb and the Jagirdari Crisis
- Later Mughals: Bahadur Shah (Shah-i-Bekhabar)
- Later Mughals: Jahandar Shah
- Later Mughals: Farrukhsiyar
- Later Mughals: Rafi-ud-Darajat
- Later Mughals: Rafi-ud-Daula (Shah Jahan II)
- Later Mughals: Muhammad Shah (Rangeela)
- Later Mughals: Ahmad Shah
- Later Mughals: Alamgir II
- Later Mughals: Shah Jahan III
- Later Mughals: Shah Alam II
- Later Mughals: Akbar II
- Later Mughals: Bahadur Shah II/ Zafar
- Later Mughals: Rise of Regional States and Foreign Invasions (1725-48)
- Mughal Economy: Inland Trade
- Mughal Economy: Overseas Trade and Role of Foreign Trading Companies
- Mughal Economy: Overland Trade
- Mughal Economy: The Mughal State and Commerce
- Mughal Economy: Trend of India’s Economy in First Half of 18th Century
- Mughal Society: Rural Society
- Mughal Society: Towns and Town Life
- Mughal Society: Artisans and Master-Craftsmen
- Mughal Society: Women
- Mughal Society: Servants and Slaves
- Mughal Society: Standard of Living
- Mughal Society: The Ruling Classes
- Mughal Society: The Middle Strata
- Mughal Society: The Commercial Classes
Rise of the Marathas
- The Marathas and their Policy of Expansion
- The Marathas and Nizam-ul-Mulk
- The Maratha Advance into Gujarat and Malwa
- The Maratha Advance into Doab and Punjab: First Phase (1741-52)
- The Maratha Advance into Doab and Punjab: Second Phase (1752-61)
- Third Battle of Panipat
- Chhatrapati Shivaji
- The Peshwas (1713-1818)
- The Bhonsles
- The Gaekwads
- The Holkars
- The Sindhias
- Economy in 18th Century
- Social and Cultural Life (Marathas)
Vijaynagar Empire
- Sources of Information about Vijayanagar Empire
- Vijayanagar Dynasties: Sangama
- Vijayanagar Dynasties: Suluva
- Vijayanagar Dynasties: Tuluva
- Vijayanagar Dynasties: Aravidu
- Vijayanagar Administration
- Vijayanagar Economy
- Vijayanagar Social Aspects
- Vijayanagar Art and Architecture
- Vijayanagar Literature
- Vijayanagar: Foreign Travelers and their Accounts
Bahmani Kingdom
- Conflicts of the Bahmani Successor States with Vijayanagar
- Bahmani Social and Cultural Aspects
- Bahmani Art and Architecture
- Successor States of Bahmani Kingdom: Ahmednagar
- Successor States of Bahmani Kingdom: Bijapur
- Successor States of Bahmani Kingdom: Golconda
- Successor States of Bahmani Kingdom: Berar
- Successor States of Bahmani Kingdom: Bidar
- Bahmani Economy
- Bahmani Military
Bhakti and Sufi Movements
- Bhakti Movement: What was the movement about?
- Bhakti Movement: Causes for its formation
- Bhakti Movement: Features of the Movement
- Bhakti Movement: Associated Literature
- Bhakti Movement Groups: Sagun
- Bhakti Movement Groups: Nirgun
- Bhakti Movement Groups: Nayanars
- Bhakti Movement Groups: Alvars
- Bhakti Saints (Acharyas): Shankaracharya
- Bhakti Saints (Acharyas): Ramanujacharya
- Bhakti Saints (Acharyas): Nimbark
- Bhakti Saints (Acharyas): Madhvacharya
- Bhakti Saints (Acharyas): Nathpanthis (Siddhas and Yogis)
- Vaishnavism Saints: Ramananda
- Vaishnavism Saints: Kabir Das
- Vaishnavism Saints: Gurunanak Dev
- Vaishnavism Saints: Purandar Das
- Vaishnavism Saints: Dadu Dayal
- Vaishnavism Saints: Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
- Vaishnavism Saints: Shankardeva
- Vaishnavism Saints: Vallabhacharya
- Vaishnavism Saints: Guru Ghasidas
- Vaishnavism Saints: Surdas
- Vaishnavism Saints: Meerabai
- Vaishnavism Saints: Haridas
- Vaishnavism Saints: Namdev
- Vaishnavism Saints: Dhaneswar
- Vaishnavism Saints: Eknath
- Vaishnavism Saints: Tukaram
- Vaishnavism Saints: Ramdas
- Impact of Bhakti Movement
- Sufi Movement: Causes of Creation
- Sufi Movement: Features (Characteristics and Stages)
- Sufi Movement: Pir-Murid Tradition
- Sufi Movement: Use of Music in Sufism
- Sufi Orders (Silsila): Chisti
- Sufi Orders (Silsila): Suhrawardi
- Sufi Orders (Silsila): Naqshbandi
- Impact of Sufi Movement
Modern Indian History
Arrival of Europeans in India
- Responsible Factors for Arrival of Europeans
- The Portuguese in India
- Portuguese: Vasco Da Gama
- Portuguese: Pedro Alvarez Cabral
- Portuguese: De Almeida
- Portuguese: Albuquerque
- Portuguese: Nino Da Cunha
- Causes of Failure of Portuguese empire in India
- The Dutch in India ( settlements, personalities, decline)
- The Danes in India ( settlements, personalities, decline)
- The English: Farrukhsiyar 's Farman
- The English: Causes of English Success
- The French ( settlements, personalities, decline)
- Anglo-French Rivalry
- First Carnatic War
- Rise of the Hyderabad State
- The Second Carnatic War
- The Third Carnatic War
- The Columbian Exchange
Expansion of East India Company
- Settlements at Various Places
- British Conquest of Bengal
- Bengal: Battle of Plassey
- Bengal: Battle of Buxar
- Bengal: Treaty of Allahabad
- Bengal: Dual Polity in Bengal (Diwani and Nizamat)
- 4 Anglo - Mysore Wars
- 3 Anglo - Maratha Wars
- Prominent Maratha Families Ruling from Different Places
- EIC Treaties: Surat, Purandar, Salbai, Bassein, Poona, Gwalior and Mandsor
- Marathas Defeat and its reasons
- The Subsidiary Alliance System and its Impact
Second Phase of British Expansion In India
Form of Administration before 1857
Economic Policies of The British
- Colonialism: Phase of Mercantilism (1757-1813)
- Colonialism: Phase of Free Trade (1813-1858)
- Colonialism: Phase of Finance Imperialism (1858 onwards)
- Land Revenue: Ryotwari
- Land Revenue: Mahalwari
- Land Revenue: Permanent Settlement
- Associated Terms of British Revenue System
- Impact of British Policy on Indian Economy
- Drain of Wealth Theory
Broader Impact of British Administration
- Industrialization—Ruin of Artisans and Handicrafts men
- Impoverishment of Peasantry
- Emergence of New Land Relations, Ruin of Old Zamindars
- Stagnation and Deterioration of Agriculture
- Commercialization of Indian Agriculture
- Development of Modern Industry
- Rise of Indian Bourgeoisie
- Critique of The Colonial Economy
- Critique: Economic Drain
- Famine and Poverty
- Nationalist Critique of Colonial Economy
- Abolition of the Dual System
- Changes in Social Setup
The Revolt of 1857
- Revolt of 1857 Causes: Economic Causes
- Revolt of 1857 Causes: Political Causes
- Revolt of 1857 Causes: Administrative Causes
- Revolt of 1857 Causes: Socio-Religious Causes
- Revolt of 1857 Causes: Influence of Outside Events
- Revolt of 1857 Causes: Discontent Among Sepoys
- Revolt of 1857 Events: Meerut Mutiny
- Revolt of 1857 Events: Siege of Delhi
- Revolt of 1857 Events: Fall of Delhi
- Important Places and Associated Leaders of the Revolt
- Important British Officers during Suppression of Revolt
- Causes of Failure of the Revolt
- Nature and Impact of the Revolt
- Various Outcomes of the Revolt
- Changes in the Army: Peel Commission
- Public Services: Ilbert Bill Controversy
- Policy of Equal Federation
- Princely States
- Foreign Policy (Post 1857)
- Local Government: Mayo’s Resolution
- Local Government: Ripon’s Resolution (1882)
- Local Government: Royal Commission on Decentralization (1908)
- Local Government: Resolution of May (1918) and Dyarchy (1919)
- Local Government: GoI Act, 1935 and After
- Labour Law Related Changes
- Changes in Socio-Cultural Stance
Evolution of Administrative and Police Services
Education during British Rule
- Changed Government Post 1857
- Acts between 1858-1947
- Administration - Central, Provincial, Local (Education)
- Charter Act of 1813
- General Committee of Public Instruction
- Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy
- Wood’s Dispatch (1854)
- Hunter Education Commission (1882-83)
- Indian Universities Act, 1904
- Government Resolution on Education Policy—1913
- Saddler University Commission (1917-19)
- Education Under Dyarchy
- Hartog Committee (1929)
- Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (1937)
- Sergeant Plan of Education
- Kothari Education Commission (1964-66)
- Development of Vernacular Education
- Development of Technical Education
- Evaluation of British Policy on Education
Press during British Rule
- James Augustus Hickey’s Bengal Gazette
- Different Publications and Journals
- Censorship of Act, 1799
- Licensing Regulations, 1823
- Press Act/Metcalfe Act, 1835
- Licensing Act, 1857
- Registration Act, 1867
- Vernacular Press Act, 1878
- Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908
- Indian Press Act, 1910
- Indian Press (Emergency Powers) Act, 1931
- Press regulating Act, 1942
- Struggle by Early Nationalists to Secure Press Freedom
- Various Newspapers/Journals and Their Authors
- Press During and After the First World War
- Press During the Second World War
- Press Post Independence
- Press Inquiry Committee, 1947
Socio-Religious Reform Movements
Important Personalities
- Raja Ram Mohan Roy
- Swami Vivekananda
- Swami Dayananda Saraswati
- Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
- Keshab Chandra Sen
- Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
- Mahadev Govind Ranade
- Annie Besant–Theosophical Society
- Syed Ahmad Khan
- Baba Dayal Das
- Pandita Ramabai
- Sarojini Naidu
- Jyotiba Phule
- Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
- Aspects of Women Emancipation: Legislation and Women Organisation
- Aspects of Women Emancipation: Education
- Aspects of Women Emancipation: Widow Remarriage
Struggles of the Working Class
Peasant and Tribal Uprisings
- Responsible Factors for Tribal Revolts
- Tribal Movements: Bhil Uprising
- Tribal Movements: Kol Uprising
- Tribal Movements: Santhal Rebellion
- Tribal Movements: Singphos Rebellion
- Tribal Movements: Jaintia and Garo Rebellion
- Tribal Movements: Rampa Rebellion
- Tribal Movements: Chuar Uprising
- Tribal Movements: Munda Rebellion
- Tribal Movements: Khonda Dora Uprisings
- Tribal Movements: Tana Bhagat Movement
- Peasant Movements: Reasons of Resistance among Peasants
- Peasant Movements: Champaran Satyagraha
- Peasant Movements: Kheda Peasant Struggle
- Peasant Movements: Bardoli Movement
- Peasant Movements: Tebhaga Movement
- Peasant Movements: Telangana Movement
- Revolts: Sanyasi Revolt
- Revolts: Wahabi Movement
- Revolts: Pagal Panthis
- Revolts: Faraizi Revolt
- Revolts: Kuka Movement
- Revolts: Moplah Uprisings
- Military Discontent Uprisings: Paika Rebellion
- Military Discontent Uprisings: Ramosi Uprising
- Military Discontent Uprisings: Sawantwadi Revolt
- Reasons for Limited Success of the Uprisings
First Phase of National Movement (1905-1917)
- Pre-INC Organisations
- Pre-INC Campaigns and their Objectives
- Early Phase Indian National Congress
- Key Sessions of the Indian National Congress (INC)
- Debate over INC being a Safety Valve
- The Moderate Congress (1885-1905)
- Success and Limitations with Moderate Approach
- Moderate Opinion Against Economic Exploitation
- Moderate Campaign for Administrative Reforms
- Moderate Campaign for Constitutional Reforms
- Economic Critique of Imperialism
- Constitutional Reforms and Propaganda in Legislature
- Campaign for General Administrative Reforms
- Government’s Response towards INC
- Militant Nationalism (1905 to 1918)
- Important INC Sessions (Extremist Phase)
- Movement Under Extremist Leadership
- Mass Participation (Extremist Phase)
- Government Repression
- Movements of All India Muslim League (1906)
- Swadeshi Movement and Associated Leaders
- Morley Minto Reforms (1909)
- Comparative Account of Moderates and Extremists
- National Movement in Light of First World War
- Revolutionary Activities
- Hindustan Republican Association
- Chittagong Revolt Group
- Revolutionary Activities Abroad
- Differences between the Moderates and the Extremists
- Annulment of Partition of Bengal
- Home Rule League Movement (1916)
- Developments that led to Home Rule League
- Limitations with Home Rule Leagues
- Lucknow Session of INC (1916): Lucknow Pact
- Reasons of Readmission of Extremists
- Reasons of Muslim League pact with Congress
- Montague Statement of August (1917)
Second Phase of National Movement (1918-1929)
- Gandhi Ji in South Africa (1894-1914)
- Gandhi Ji in India (1915 Onwards)
- Highlight: Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
- Highlight: Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)
- Highlight: Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
- Montague-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)
- Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919)
- Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22)
- Khilafat Movement (1919-20)
- Chauri Chaura Incident (5th Feb 1922)
- Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party
- Swarajists and ‘No Changers'
- The Constructive Programme
- Indian Statutory Commission/ Simon Commission (1927)
- Nehru Report (1928)
- INC: Lahore Session, 1929
- INC: Allahabad Address (1930)
- Jinnah’s Fourteen Points Demand (1929)
- Leaders in this phase and their Contribution
Third Phase of National Movement
- Civil Disobedience Movement
- Extent of Participation and Possibility of Settlement
- Leaders in this Phase and their Role
- Gandhi-Irwin Pact
- Comparing NCM and CDM
- The Three Round Table Conferences (RTCs)
- Karachi Session of INC (1931)
- Communal Awards (1932)
- Poona Pact (1932)
- Government of India Act, 1935
- Congress Ministries after Provincial Elections of 1937
- Resignation of Congress Ministries (1939)
- Congress Working Committee at Wardha
- Decision on Mass Struggle
- Pakistan Resolution (23 Mar 1940)
- August Offer (1940)
- Individual Satyagraha (1941)
- Cripps Mission (1942)
- Quit India Movement (August Revolution) (1942)
- AICC Meeting (Gowalia Tank, Bombay)
- Parallel Governments
- Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and INA
- Tokyo Conference: March 1942
- Bangkok Conference- June 1942
- Neta Ji in Japan (1943)
- Provisional Government of Free India, Singapore (October 1943)
- C. Rajagopalachari Formula (1944)
- Desai Liaquat Pact (1945)
- ML/Congress Response to Desai Liaquat
- General Elections, 1945
- Rin Mutiny (1946)
- Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)
- Direct Action Day (August 16th, 1946)
- Interim Government
- Constituent Assembly
- Objective Resolution
- Atlee’s Declaration and Transfer of Power
- Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947)
- India Independence Act (1947)
- Integration of States
- Governor Generals of India (1832-1858)
- Viceroy and Governor Generals of India (1858-1947)
Important Committees and Commissions
- Famine: Campbell Commission
- Famine: Stratchy Commission
- Famine: Lyall Commission
- Famine: MacDonnell Commission
- Law: First Law Commission, 1834, TB Macaulay
- Law: Second Pre-Independence Law Commission, 1853 – Sir John Romilly
- Law: Third Pre-Independence Law Commission, 1862 - Sir John Romilly
- Law: Fourth Pre-Independence Law Commission, 1879 – Dr Whitley Stokes
- Currency: Mansfield Commission
- Currency: Fowler Commission
- Currency: Babington Smith Commission
- Currency: Hilton Young Commission
- Other Important Commissions
Constitutional Development In India
- Governor of Bengal (Before 1773)
- Governor Generals of Bengal (1773-1833)
- Regulating Act 1773
- Pitt's India Act of 1784
- Charter Act of 1793
- Charter Act of 1813
- Charter Act of 1833
- Charter Act of 1853
- Government of India Act 1858
- The Indian Councils Act 1861
- Indian Councils Act 1892
- Indian Councils Act 1909
- Government of India Act 1919
- Government of India Act 1935
- Indian Independence Act, 1947
Indian Art & Culture
Visual Arts
- Harappan: Sculptures
- Harappan: Seals
- Harappan: Pottery
- Harappan: Architecture-Town Planning
- Mauryan: Pottery (NBPW)
- Mauryan: Cave Architecture
- Mauryan: Pillars
- Mauryan: Stupas
- Post-Mauryan: Caves and Their Types
- Post-Mauryan: Stupa
- Post-Mauryan: Sculpture (Gandhara, Mathura, Amravati School)
- Gupta: Sculpture
- Gupta: Cave architecture
- Gupta: Sarnath Style of Sculpture
- Gupta: Fresco Mural Painting
- Buddhist and Jaina Influence
- Medieval School of Sculpture
- Modern Indian Sculpture
Temple Architecture
- Evolution of Temple Architecture- Separately in North and South India
- Types of Temple Architecture (Nagara, Dravida, Vesara, Hoysala) and subtypes
- Indo-Islamic: Imperial Style (Delhi Sultanate)
- Indo-Islamic: Provincial Style (Malwa or Pathan Style)
- Indo-Islamic: Mughal Style
- Indo-Islamic: Sikh Style of Architecture
- Indo-Islamic: Avadh (Oudh) Style
- Indo-Islamic: Rajput Architecture
- Modern Architecture
- European Influence (Modern Architecture)
- Indo-Gothic Architecture
- Neo-Roman Style
- Post-Independence Period (Architecture)
- Notable Architects
Paintings
Pottery Tradition
Performing Arts
- Music: Classical Indian Music
- Music: Hindustani Music
- Music: Different Gharanas or Schools
- Music: Carnatic Music
- Music: Main Pillars of Indian Music
- Music: Forms of Indian Music
- Music: Musical Instruments
- Music: Institutions Related to Music in India
- Music: Folk Music
- Dances: Concept of Dance in India
- Dances: Concept of Ashta Nayika
- Dances: Rasa and Bhava
- Dances: Eight Classical Dance Forms in India
- Dances: Folk Dances
- Dances: Modern Dances
- Sports: Various Type of Sports
- Sports: Genesis of Martial Arts
- Sports: Forms of Traditional Martial Arts
- Sports: Animal Sports
- Theatre: History of Theatre in India
- Theatre: Classical Sanskrit Theatre
- Theatre: Traditional Theatre
- Theatre: Regional Theatre
- Theatre: Modern Theatre in India
- Theatre: Renaissance of Indian Theatre
- Cinema in India
- Puppetry: String Puppets
- Puppetry: Shadow Puppets
Religion, Language and Literature
- Religions: Pre-Vedic Religion
- Religions: Hinduism
- Religions: Buddhism
- Religions: Jainism
- Religions: Sikhism
- Religions: Islam
- Religions: Christianity
- Religions: Zoroastrianism
- Religions: Judaism
- Philosophy in India
- Bhakti Movement (Religions)
- Saints of Bhakti Movement
- Languages: Classical Language
- Literature: Sanskrit Literature
- Literature: Other Important Literatures
- Literature: Influence/Contribution of foreign languages
Miscellaneous
- Government Cultural Institutions in India
- UNESCO’s List of Cultural Heritage in India
- Protection and Promotion of Indian Culture and Heritage
- Schemes and Awards
- Personalities Related to Culture
- Places of Cultural Interest
- The Calendar & the Eras
- Science and Technology in Ancient India
- Recent Developments related to Art & Culture
- Schemes for Monument Development
- GI Tags
Covers Physical Geography (Geomorphology, Oceanography, Climatology), Indian Geography, and Environment & Ecology.
Physical Geography
Universe & Earth Evolution
- Theories of development of Universe
- Galaxy
- Star formation
- Planet formation
- Solar system
- Geological History of Earth
- Evolution of the Layered Structure of Earth
- Latitude and Longitude including important Parallels and Meridians
- Motions of the Earth - Rotation, Revolution, and their effects
- Eclipses
- Earth’s magnetic field
- Earth’s Geological time scale
- Origin of Life on Earth
Geomorphology
- Crust
- Mantle
- Core
- Direct and Indirect Sources of Information
- Theories – Suess Theory
- Physical Characteristics–Crystal Form, Cleavage Fracture, Lusture, Color, Streak
- Transparency, Structure, Hardness, Specific Gravity
- Major Elements of the Earth’s Crust
- Metallic minerals – precious Ferrous, Non Ferrous
- Non-metallic Minerals – Sulphur, Phosphates, Cement
- Rocks (Aggregate of Minerals)
- Earth’s Surface (Geomorphic Processes)
- Endogenic Forces
- Exogenic Forces
- Earthquakes & their Types of Earthquakes
- Frequency and Intensity
- Ring of Fire
- Volcanism (Types and Associated Concepts)
- Theories (Distribution of Continents & Oceans)
- Continental Drift Theory
- Evidence in support of Continental Drift Theory
- Isostasy
- Sea Floor Spreading
- Forces of Drifting
- Post Drift Studies
- Convectional Current Theory
- Mapping of the Ocean Floor
- Plate Tectonics
- Plate Boundaries – Divergent – Convergent – Transform
- Rates of Plate Movements
- Force of plate movement
- Indian Plate
- Causes (Geomorphic Processes) of Landform Evolution
- Geomorphic Agents
- Agents and their Impacts
- Erosional Landforms
- Depositional Landforms
- Ground Water (Karst Topography)
- Impact of Waves and Currents
- Factors (Weathering)
- Geological Weathering
- Climatic Weathering
- Topographic Weathering
- Vegetative Weathering
- Chemical Weathering Major Processes
- Physical or Mechanical Weathering Major Processes
- Biological Weathering Major Processes
- Chemical Weathering – Forces and Chemical Action
- Physical Weathering Forces - Gravitational, Expansion, Water Pressure
- Biological Weathering (Processes)
- Rivers and lakes of the World
- Mountain and Peaks of the World
- Plateaus of the World
Oceanography
- Water on the Surface of the Earth
- Hydrological Cycle
- Component & Processes (Hydrological Cycle)
- Oceans & Relief of the Ocean floor
- Continental Shelf
- Continental Slope
- Deep sea plain
- Oceanic deep and Trenches
- Minor relief features
- Factors affecting Temperature distribution
- Density of Ocean Waters
- Waves, Ocean Currents, Tides
- Movements of ocean Water
- Terrigenous Deposits
- Volcanic Deposits
- Biotic deposits
- Abiotic Deposits
- Coral Reefs
- Great Barrier Reef
- Underground water resource
- Surface water resources
- Inland water resources
- Oceanic Water Resources
- Water consumption patterns
- Conservation of Water Resources
- Techniques of Water Conservation
Climatology
- Atmosphere Composition
- Atmosphere Gases
- Atmosphere Water Vapour
- Atmosphere Dust Particles
- Atmosphere Structure
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
- Exosphere
- Altitude vs. Temperature
- Concept of Inversion of Temperature
- Solar Radiation Heat Balance
- Temperature Insolation
- Variability of Insolation at the surface of the Earth
- Heating and cooling of atmosphere
- Conduction, Convection, Advection
- Terrestrial Radiation
- Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
- Atmospheric Circulation and Weather Systems
- Atmospheric Pressure
- Factors affecting the velocity and direction of the Wind
- Pressure Gradient Force
- Frictional Force & Coriolis Force
- Pressure and Wind (Cyclonic & Anticyclonic)
- General Circulation of the Atmosphere – Pattern of Planetary Winds
- Latitudinal Variation of Atmospheric Heating
- Emergence of Pressure Belts
- Distribution of continents & Oceans
- Various Types of Wind (Seasonal, Local Wind etc.)
- Air Mass, Fronts, Cyclones and Jet Stream
- Thunderstorms
- Tornadoes
- Monsoons
- Water in the Atmosphere
- Water Vapour (Precipitation)
- Precipitation and its types
- World Distribution of Rainfall
- Clouds
- Various Types of Clouds
- Development of Clouds
- Koppen’s Classification Climatic Zones
- World Climate
- The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate
- The Tropical Monsoon and Tropical Marine Climates
- The Savanna or Sudan Climate
- The Hot Desert and Mid-Latitude Desert Climates
- The Warm Temperate Western Margin (Mediterranean) Climate
- The Temperate Continental (Steppe Climate)
- The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China Type Climate)
- The Cool Temperate Western Margin (British Type Climate)
- The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberian) Climate
- The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laurentian) Climate
- The Arctic or Polar Climate
Geography of India
Physiography & Drainage
Climate, Soils & Vegetation
Human & Economic Geography
- Size, growth rate and distribution of population
- India in World Population
- Demographic transition (India)
- Census in India
- National Population Policy
- Literacy (India)
- Gender composition of the Population
- Health Indicators
- Rural & Urban Settlements
- Factors affecting settlement patterns
- Settlement types
- Land-use
- Causes & Impact of Land Degradation
- Sustainable Land Management
- Types of minerals: Metallic minerals & Non-metallic mineral
- Distribution of minerals and mining regions
- Distribution, production and international trade of minerals
- Conservation of mineral resources
- Classification of energy
- Production of conventional energy
- General trends of energy production and consumption
- Reserves and sources of energy
- Exploration
- International trade (Energy)
- OPEC and its role in oil trade
- Atomic (nuclear) energy
- Production of Atomic (Nuclear) Energy
- Nuclear Energy
- Alternative (non-conventional) sources of energy
- Performance of the agriculture sector
- Types of farming in India
- Cropping Pattern in India
- Agriculture regionalization
- Infrastructure factors: Seeds; Fertilizers; Irrigation
- Land use pattern in India
- Green Revolution
- Agricultural marketing
- Major schemes in agricultural sector
- National Policy for farmers
- Impact of climate change on agriculture
- Sustainable agriculture
- Use of IT in agriculture
- Agriculture Issues and Challenges
- Developments in Agriculture Field
- Productivity of Crops
- Industrial development
- Iron and Steel Industry
- Textile Industry
- Engineering Industries
- Fertilizer industry: Nitrogen fertilizers
- Cement industry
- Industrial Regions
- Characteristics of industrial regions
- Delimitation of an industrial region
- Principal industrial regions of the world
- Importance and development of transport
- Means of transport
- Transport costs and economic distance
- Operating costs in transport
- Government’s transport policy
- Ocean transport routes
- Inland waterways
- Pipeline transport
- Petroleum (oil) pipelines
- Gas pipelines
- New Development in Transport Sector
- Rural electrification corporation
- Time and costs overruns of infrastructure projects
- National Infrastructure Investment Fund
- Industrial Sector and New Initiatives
- Disinvestment of PSUs
World Regional Geography
Environment & Ecology
Basic Concepts of Ecology & Ecosystems
- Basic Concepts: Types of Ecology
- Basic Concepts: Ecological Hierarchy
- Basic Concepts: Scope of Ecology
- Basic Concepts: Habitat & Ecological Niche
- Basic Concepts: Deep vs Shallow Ecology
- Basic Concepts: Ecological Principles
- Basic Concepts: Ecological Community
- Structure and Characteristics of a Community
- Ecology stratification
- Ecotone
- Ecological Dominance
- Seasonal and Diurnal Fluctuation
- Periodicity
- Turnover
- Interdependence
- Ecological Succession
- Types and Process of Succession
- Climax Community
- Range of Tolerance, Maximum Range
- Difference between Ecology, Environment and Ecosystem
- Biological Control
- Population Ecology
- Population Ecology: Types of species
- Population Growth Models
- Tiger Census and Lion Census
- Adaptation of Species and Interactions
- Ecosystem Definitions
- Functions and Properties of Ecosystem
- The Structure/Components of Ecosystem: Abiotic Components
- The Structure/Components of Ecosystem: Biotic Components
- Ecosystem Dynamics
- Flow of Energy in Ecosystem
- Trophic Levels
- Food Chain
- Types & Significance of Food Chain
- Food Web
- Models for Energy Flow
- Ecological Productivity
- Ecological Pyramid
- Biomagnifications
Terrestrial & Aquatic Ecosystems
- Forest Ecosystem in India
- Forests: Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen Forests
- Forests: Tropical Deciduous Forests
- Forests: Dry deciduous Forest
- Forests: Tropical Thorn Forests
- Forests: Montane Forests
- Forests: Littoral and Swamp Forests
- Grasslands (Savanna and Steppe)
- Tundra
- Deserts
- Mountains
- Factors affecting the productivity of aquatic ecosystems: Sunlight
- Factors affecting productivity: Photic Zone
- Factors affecting productivity: Aphotic Zone
- Factors affecting productivity: Temperature and Oxygen Concentration
- Factors affecting productivity: Turbidity and Transparency
- Freshwater ecosystem
- Marine Ecosystem
- Marine Organisms
- Plankton
- Phytoplankton
- Zooplankton
- Sea-grass
- Seaweeds
- Eutrophication
- Algal Bloom
- Estuaries
- Types of Estuaries
- Importance of estuaries
- Threats to estuaries
- Conservation of Estuaries
- Mangroves
- Mangroves in India
- Importance of Mangroves
- Mangroves under threats
- Legal and Regulatory Approaches for Mangrove Protection
- Community based mangrove regeneration
- Coral Reef
- Types Of Coral Reefs
- Uses of coral reefs
- Threats to Coral reefs
- Conservation of coral reef
- Wetlands
- Types of wetlands
- Wetlands in India
- Importance of wetlands
- Threats to wetland ecosystems
- Conservation of Wetlands
- About Ramsar Convention
- About Asian Water bird Census
- Human Modified Ecosystems
Nutrient Cycling & Biodiversity
- Concept of Biogeochemical Cycle
- Carbon Cycle
- Hydrological Cycle
- Nitrogen Cycle
- Oxygen Cycle
- Sulfur Cycle
- Phosphorus Cycle
- Basics of Biodiversity
- Biogeographical classification of World
- Bio-geographical classification of India
- Functions of biodiversity
- Hotspots of biodiversity
- Bioinformatics
- Role of Traditional Knowledge in Biodiversity
- Biopiracy
- Animal and Plant Diversity
- Plant and Animal Kingdom
- Marine Mammals
- Egg laying Mammals
- Marsupials
- Threats to biodiversity
- Causes of Biodiversity losses
- Effects of Loss of Biodiversity
- Extinction of species
- Mass Extinction
- IUCN Red List and Classification Scheme
- Biodiversity Conservation
- Scheduled Animals in the Wildlife Protection Act
- Protected Area Categories
- Forms of Protected Areas
- Biosphere reserves
- Sacred forests and sacred lakes
- World Heritage sites
- Geo-heritage sites
- Advantages of In-situ conservation
- Disadvantages of In-situ conservation
- In-situ & Ex-situ methods of Conservation: Advantages & Disadvantages
- Zoological Parks
- Botanical Gardens
- Seed banks
- National Parks
- Wildlife Sanctuaries
- Important Coastal and marine Biodiversity Areas
- Biomes of India
- Plant Diversity of India
- Wildlife Diversity of India
- Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) (1972)
- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
- Conservation Priorities
Species-Related Terminologies & Conservation Programs
- Flagship Species
- Keystone Species
- Priority Species
- Indicator Species
- Foundation Species
- Charismatic Species
- Umbrella Species
- Invasive/Alien Species
- Project Tiger
- Petersburg Tiger Summit 2010 (TX2)
- Conservation Assured (CA) | Tiger Standards (TS) Asia
- Project Elephant and Elephant Census
- Elephant Corridors
- Project Snow Leopard
- Project Secure Himalaya
- Vulture Conservation
- Action Plan for Vulture Conservation (2020 -2025)
- Crocodile conservation project
- Ganges dolphin project
- Indian (One Horn) Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020
- Project Sea Turtle
- Project Crocodile
- Project Hangul (Kashmir Stag)
- Dolphin Conservation
- India Adopted South Asia Wildlife Enforcement Network (SAWEN)
- State of Protected Areas in the World
- MAB – Man and Biosphere Programme
- World network of Biosphere Reserves
- Biodiversity Hotspots (International)
- CBD – Convention of Biological Diversity
- Cartagena Protocol
- Nagoya Protocol
- Aichi Biodiversity Diversity Targets
Resources, Energy & Pollution
- Land Resource
- Causes of land degradation
- Impact of land degradation
- Desertification
- Sustainable Land Management
- Forest Resource
- Types of Forests In India
- Deforestation
- Strategies for Reducing Deforestation
- Government Programmes for Conservation of Forests
- Soil Resource
- Soil Characteristics and Soil formation process
- Soil Profiles and Horizons
- Type of Soils
- Soils in India & World
- Soil Erosion
- Problems due to excessive irrigation
- Soil Conservation
- Soil health card scheme
- Organic Farming
- Water Pollution (Resource Aspects)
- Surface Water Resource
- Groundwater Resources
- Sources of Water Pollution
- Measurement of Water pollution
- Causes of Water Pollution
- Harmful effects of water pollution
- Algal Bloom (Water Pollution)
- Eutrophication (Water Pollution)
- Arsenic contamination of water
- Mercury Pollution
- Oxygen Stratification
- Energy Resources
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
- Tidal Energy
- Geothermal Energy
- Solar Energy
- New Energy Resources
- Renewable Energy and Development
- National Policy on Biofuels
- New Energy Policy
Pollution & Occupational Hazards
- Basics of Pollution
- Sources of pollution
- Classification of pollutants
- Pollution Indicator species
- Water Pollution: Comparing Dissolved Oxygen, BOD and COD
- Mining and Pollution
- Mining and Environment
- Sustainable Mining
- Air Pollution
- Causes of air pollution
- Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM)
- Fly Ash
- The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981
- National Air Quality Index (NAQI) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
- Air Quality Early Warning System (AQEWS) and Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)
- Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System (CAAQMS)
- Occupational Health Hazards
- Occupational Hazard: Black Lung Disease
- Occupational Hazard: Silicosis
- Occupational Hazard: Pneumoconiosis
- Occupational Hazard: Byssinosis
- Occupational Hazard: Asbestosis
- Marine Pollution
- Sources of marine pollution
- Effects of marine pollution
- Concept of dead zone
- Concept of Ocean acidification
- Oil spill
- Trash and Other Debris in ocean
- Microplastics and its impact
- Noise Pollution
- Causes of Noise pollution
- Noise Levels
- Effects of Noise Pollution on human health
- Noise Pollution: Corrective actions
- Biological Pollution
- Sources of biological pollution
- Harmful effects from biological contaminants
- Biological Pollution: Corrective actions
- Radioactive Pollution
- Sources of Radioactive Pollution
- Harmful effects of Radioactive Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution: Corrective actions
- Thermal Pollution
- Causes of Thermal Pollution
- Effect of Thermal Pollution
- Control of Thermal Pollution
Waste Management
- Solid waste management
- Types of Solid Waste
- Issues in solid waste management in India
- Technologies for the Generation of Energy from Waste
- Policy on Promotion of City Compost
- Salient features of SWM Rules, 2016
- E-Waste Management
- Pollutants and their health impacts
- E-waste status in India
- Importance of the E-waste management
- Steps taken for combating mounting E-Waste
- E-waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2016
- Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
- Basel Convention
- Rotterdam Convention
- Plastics Pollution
- Effects of Plastic Waste
- The Global Tourism Plastics Initiative
- Biomedical Waste Management
- Hazards associated with waste management
- Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Hazardous waste and its Characteristics
- Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2016
- Hazardous waste treatment
- Treatments/ Methods in Waste Management
Climate Change & Environmental Administration
- Climate Change Basics
- Factors Affecting Climate Change
- Urbanization and climate change
- Urban Heat Island
- Impact of agriculture on climate
- Agriculture increases Carbon Dioxide Emissions
- Monoculture practice impacts biodiversity
- Pollution due to use of chemical fertilizers
- Soil-related effects (Agriculture)
- Sustainable Agriculture Techniques (Climate)
- Greenhouse effect
- Ecological footprint
- Carbon footprint
- Global Warming Potential (GWP)
- Impacts of the Climate Change
- Global Warming & Health
- Ozone depletion and human health
- Strategies to Address Climate Change
- Constitutional Provisions related to environment
- Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (EPA Aspects)
- Environmental Protection Act
- National Forest Policy
- Biological Diversity Act 2002
- Schedule Tribes and Other Forest Dwellers Act 2006
- Coastal Regulation Zone
- Wetland Rules 2010
- National Green Tribunal
- Ozone Depleting Substance Rules
- Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
- Brief History of EIA in India
- EIA Process in India
- Drawback in EIA Process
- Recommendations for Improvement of EIA
- International Environmental Governance
- UNEP
- UNDP (Governance)
- Centre for Biological Diversity
- WWF for Nature
- IUCN - Red List (Governance)
- Birdlife International
- International Conventions / Protocols & their Objectives
- Sustainable Development Goals (Environmental)
- Various Indices relate to Environment
- Climate Change Governance
- United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference)
- Montreal Protocol and Kigali Agreement
- The Earth Summit
- Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): 1992
- Global Climate Finance Architecture
- Global Environment Facility (GEF)
- REDD+
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
- National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme (NGGIP)
- The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)
- Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)
- Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)
- Climate Investment Fund (World Bank as Trustee)
- Green Climate Fund (GCF)
- Adaptation Fund (AF)
- Biocarbon Fund
- EU Initiatives (Climate)
- Clean Technology Fund
- World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
- United Nations Programmes and Assemblies
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Governance
- Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
- Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC)
- Arctic Council
- India and Climate Change
- India’s Position with regards to policy on Climate Change
- Observed Climate and Weather Changes in India
- Indian Climate Change Assessment
- Actions for Adaptation & Mitigation
- National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC)
- NAPCC: National Solar Mission
- NAPCC: National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)
- NAPCC: National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
- NAPCC: National Water Mission
- NAPCC: National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystems
- NAPCC: National Mission for a Green India
- NAPCC: National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture
- NAPCC: National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
- National Bioenergy Mission
- National Communication (NATCOM)
- National Action Programme to Combat Desertification
- Green Buildings
- Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB)
- Standard and Labeling Programme (BEE Star Label)
- Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
- Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)
- National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)
- BSE - GREENEX
- FAME - India Programme
- Long Term Ecological Observatories (LTEO)
- National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC)
- National Policy on Biofuels, 2018
- Environment related Institutions in India
- Pollution Control Boards
- National Green Tribunal (Inst)
- National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)
- Animal Welfare Board
- Central Zoo Authority (CZA)
- National Biodiversity Authority
- Central Water Commission
- Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI)
- Zoological Survey of India (ZSI)
- Forest Survey of India (FSI)
- India State of Forest Report
- Botanical Survey of India (BSI)
- Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)
- National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)
- National Ganga River Basin Authority
- National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
- Bombay Natural History Society
- Schemes in India regarding Environmental Protection
- National Wildlife Action Plan
- CAMPA
- Joint Forest Management
- Social Forestry
- Ganga Rejuvenation Plan
- Benefits of River Ganga (Facts about Ganga River Pollution and its impacts)
- Eco mark Scheme
- Swachh Bharat Mission
- Bharat Stage Norms
- Corporate Social Responsibility and Environment Protection
Relevant Environmental Data Lists
- Data List: National Parks
- Data List: Tiger Reserves of India
- Data List: Elephant Reserves in India
- Data List: Mike Sites in India
- Data List: Biosphere Reserves
- Data List: Biosphere Reserves in UNESCO’s Map List
- Data List: Ramsar Wetland Sites
- Data List: Natural World Heritage Sites
- Data List: List of Sacred Groves
- Data List: Mangrove Sites in India
Covers Indian Polity and Governance, Indian Economy, and Science & Technology.
Polity & Constitution
Historical Background & Making of Constitution
- The Company Rule (1773-1858)
- Regulating Act, 1773
- Amending Act, 1781
- Pitt’s India Act, 1784
- Amending Act of 1786
- Charter Act, 1793
- Charter Act, 1813
- Charter Act, 1833
- Charter Act, 1853
- The Crown Rule (1858-1947)
- Government of India Act, 1858
- Indian Councils Act, 1861
- Indian Councils Act, 1892
- Indian Councils Act, 1909
- Government of India Act, 1919
- Simon Commission
- Government of India Act, 1935
- Indian Independence Act, 1947
- Making of Indian Constitution
- Sources of the Constitution
- Important Committees of the Constituent Assembly
- Working of the Constituent Assembly
- Objective Resolution
- Changes by the Independence Act, 1947
- Functions Performed by Constituent Assembly
- Drafting Committee
- Enactment and enforcement of the Constitution
- Important Facts about Indian Constitution
- Types of Constitution
- Functions of the Constitution
- Historical evolution of the Constitution
- Types of Political System
- Constitutional Government
- Parliamentary form of government
- Distinction between Indian and British Models
- Features of the Presidential System
- Features of Semi-Presidential System
- Preamble and Values in the Constitution
- Objectives as per the Preamble
- Ideals (as mentioned in the Preamble)
- Amendment of the Constitution
- Types of Majorities
- Evolution of Basic Structure Doctrine
- Important Doctrines and Concepts
- Other Constitutional Dimensions
- Schedules and Subjects
- Official Languages
Union, Territory, Citizenship & Salient Features
- Union and Its Territory
- Article 1-4
- Committee/commission for State Re-organization
- The State Reorganization Commission (SRC) 1953
- Delimitation Commission
- Citizenship: Constitutional Provisions (Article 6-11)
- Constitutional provisions of citizenship
- Citizenship Act, 1955
- The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2016
- Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019
- Methodology of Acquisition of Citizenship
- Modes of Losing the Citizenship of India
- Comparison between NRI, PIO, and OCI Cardholder
- Indian Diaspora
- Pravasi Bhartiya Divas
- Non-Resident Indians
- Salient Features of Indian Constitution
- Constitution and Types
Fundamental Rights, DPSP & Fundamental Duties
- Fundamental Rights Part III: Meaning, Objectives, Evolution, Importance
- Reasonable Restriction on Fundamental Rights
- Article 12: Definition of state
- Article 13: Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
- Concept of Judicial Review
- Equality Rights
- Concept of Rule of Law
- Due Process of Law
- Procedure Established by Law
- Right to Freedom
- Legal, Constitutional and Fundamental Rights: Right to Property, Right to Vote etc.
- Right against Exploitation
- Right to Freedom of Religion
- Cultural and Educational Rights
- Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)
- Other Dimensions of FR’s
- DPSP Part IV: Evolution, objectives, and features
- DPSP Basic Features
- Different Types of Principles (DPSP)
- DPSP Amendments
- DPSP Implementation
- Socialistic Principles
- Gandhian Principles
- Liberal-Intellectual Principles
- Directive Principle Outside Part IV
- Fundamental Duties: Features
- List of Fundamental Duties
- Other Recent Developments in Fundamental Duties
System of Governance & Emergency Provisions
- Centre-State Relations: Legislative Relations
- Centre-State Relations: Territorial Powers
- Centre-State Relations: Administrative Relations
- Centre-State Relations: Financial Relations
- National Integration Council
- Inter State Relation and Related Issues
- Interstate water dispute
- Interstate councils
- Interstate trade and commerce
- Zonal Councils
- Special Provisions for some States
- Types of Emergencies
- National Emergency
- Constitutional/State Emergency / President’s Rule
- Financial Emergency
Union Executive & Legislature (Parliament)
- Union Executive: President
- Union Executive: Vice President
- Union Executive: The Prime Minister
- Union Executive: Union Council of Minister
- Union Executive: Role of Bureaucracy
- Organisation of Parliament
- Functions of the Parliament
- Functioning of the Parliament
- Sessions of Parliament
- Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings
- Parliamentary Privileges and Immunities
- Collective Privileges of the House
- Individual Privileges
- Houses of the Parliament
- Parliament (Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and President)
- Lok Sabha Composition
- Rajya Sabha Composition
- Presiding Officers of the Parliament
- Speaker
- Powers & Functions of the speaker
- Deputy Speaker
- Panel of Chairpersons of Lok Sabha
- Speaker Pro Tem
- Chairman of Rajya Sabha
- Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
- Panel of Vice-Chairpersons of Rajya Sabha
- Chairman and Deputy chairman of the Council of States
- Membership of the Parliament
- Secretariat of Parliament
- Leaders in Parliament and Whip
- Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings (Duplicate in prompt)
- Comparison between different types of Funds
- Role and powers of Parliament
- Special Power of Rajya Sabha
- Position of Rajya Sabha with respect to Lok Sabha
- Parliamentary Privileges
- Sovereignty of Parliament
- Legislative Procedure and Committees of Parliament
State Executive & State Legislature
- State Executive: Governor
- Governor Powers: Executive power
- Governor Powers: Legislative power
- Governor Powers: Financial Power
- Governor Powers: Judicial Power
- Governor Powers: Discretionary power
- Recommendations on the office of Governor
- ARC (Administrative Reforms Commission)
- Sarkaria Commission
- National Commission to Review the working of the Constitution
- The Chief Minister and the CoM
- Powers and Functions of Chief Minister
- Other Powers and Functions of CM/CoM
- Composition of the Council of Ministers
- Responsibility of Ministers
- Advocate-General for the State
- State Legislature: Legislative Assembly
- Legislative Assembly: Powers and Functions
- Legislative Assembly: Speaker & Deputy Speaker
- Parliament’s Control over State Legislature
- State Legislature: Legislative Council
- Legislative Council: Qualifications
- Legislative Council: Powers and Functions
Local Government, UTs & Special Areas
- Local Government: Panchayati Raj
- Evolution of the Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI)
- 73rd Amendment Act of 1992
- Compulsory and Voluntary Provisions
- Urban Local Government
- 74th Constitutional Amendment Act
- Types of Urban Governments In India
- PESA Act, 1996
- Union Territories: Creation of Union Territories
- Administration of UT's
- Special provisions for Delhi
- Special Category Status
- Scheduled and Tribal Areas
- Administration of Schedule Areas
- Administration of Tribal areas
- Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule
The Judiciary (Supreme Court, High Court & Lok Adalat)
- Supreme Court: Chief Justice of India
- SC: Acting Chief Justice of India
- SC: Appointment of Supreme Court Judges
- SC: Qualifications for Supreme Court Judges
- SC: Removal of a Supreme Court Judges
- SC: Process of Impeachment
- SC: Ad hoc and Retired Judges
- SC: Salaries and allowances of Supreme Court Judges
- Chief Justices of India (Since 1951)
- Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
- Judicial Independence
- Judiciary Executive Relations
- Difference between Indian and American Judiciary
- Concurrence Vs Consultation
- Judicial Review and Judicial Activism
- Concept of Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
- The High Courts
- Jurisdiction of the High Courts
- Subordinate Courts
- Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008
- Alternative dispute Resolution
- Lok Adalat
- All India Judicial Service
- E-governance in Judiciary
- Judicial Impact Assessment
- Judges Standards and Accountability Bill, 2010
- National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)
Constitutional & Extra-Constitutional Bodies
- Finance Commission: Constitution
- Finance Commission: Functions
- Comptroller And Auditor General of India
- Attorney-General of India: Appointment
- Attorney-General: Functions and Responsibilities
- Election Commission: Universal Adult Franchise, Right to Vote
- Elections and Electoral System in India
- Electoral Reforms Since 1988
- All India Services
- Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
- State Public Service Commission (SPSC)
- Joint State public Service Commission (JSPSC)
- National Commission For SCs
- National Commission For STs
- Special Officer for Linguistic Minority
- The Advocate General
- Extra-Constitutional Bodies: Special officer for linguistic Minorities
- Central Information Commission
- State Information Commission
- Lokpal and Lokayukta
- National Human Rights Commission
- State Human Right Commission
- CVC (Central Vigilance Commission)
- NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India)
- NITI Aayog Vs the Planning Commission
Political Dynamics
- Political Parties and Election
- Salient features of Representation of Peoples Act, 1951
- Criminalization of politics
- State funding of Election
- Party System in India
- 10th Schedule and Anti-defection measures
- Pressure Groups: Meaning and Techniques
- Types of Pressure Groups in India
- Role of pressure group in developing countries
- Functions of pressure groups in India
- Pressure groups methods
- Criticism of pressure groups
Governance & Welfare Schemes
- Governing Institutions in India
- Structure of Ministries/departments
- Functions of attached and subordinate office
- Other organizations
- Public sector undertakings
- The Executive organization
- Advantages of the separation of secretariat and executive organization
- Strengths and weaknesses of the existing structure
- Recommendations for improving the Organizational structure
- Audit & Transparency: CVC
- Audit & Transparency: CAG
- Audit & Transparency: Lokpal
- Audit & Transparency: Lokayukta
- Role of SHG, NGOs, Civil Society
- Welfare Schemes: Health (Various Mission and Schemes by GoI)
- Welfare Schemes: Education
- Welfare Schemes: Vulnerable Sector
- Welfare Schemes: Social Security
- Welfare Schemes: Women and Child Development
- Welfare Schemes: Disability
- Welfare Schemes: Rural and Urban Development
- Smart Cities Mission
- Welfare Schemes: Inclusive growth
- Welfare Schemes: Digital India
Economy & Social Issues
Fundamental Concepts & National Income
- Meaning of Economics
- Types of Economies
- Sectors of an Economy
- Microeconomic Concepts
- National Income Concepts and Methods of Calculation
- Economic Growth Vs Economic Development
- Measures of Economic Growth
- Procyclical and Counter Cyclical Economic policies
- Methods of GDP calculations
- Business Cycle
- Inflation
- Inflation Reports & Indices
- Concepts and Types of Inflation
- Causes of Inflation
- Effects of Inflation
- Measures of Inflation
Money and Banking
- Money Function and Classification
- Money Concept
- Measures of Money Supply in India
- Broad and Narrow Money
- Money multiplier
- Digital Money
- Monetary Policy
- Banking in India: Scheduled Commercial Banks
- Nationalized Banks
- Public Sector Banks
- State Bank of India
- Private Banks
- Foreign Banks
- Regional Rural Banks
- Scheduled Co-operative Banks
- Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
- Methods of Credit Control: Quality & Quantity Control Measures
- Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
- Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
- Repo Rate
- Reverse Repo Rate, etc.
- Banking Sector Reforms in India: Basel Norms
- Banking Ombudsman
- Development Financial Institutions
- Insurance Companies
- New Developments in Economic Sector
- Financial Market and its Instruments: Concept and functions
- Importance of money market
- Types of capital market
- Capital market vs money market
- Nature and functions of a stock exchange
- Insurance Industry and Reforms
- Role of Financial Regulators
Public Finance & Taxation
- Union Budget
- Revenue Receipts: Tax Revenue Receipts
- Revenue Receipts: Non-Tax Revenue Receipts
- Fiscal Policy
- Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, 2003
- Revenue Deficit, Fiscal Deficit, Primary Deficit
- Deficit and Surplus Budget
- Deficit Financing
- Centre State Distribution: Finance Commission (Article 280)
- Tax Structure in India: Important concepts
- Methods of Taxation (Progressive, Regressive, Proportional)
- Types of Taxes (Direct Tax, Indirect Tax)
- Value Added Tax – VAT in India
- Goods and Services Tax – GST, GST Council
- Service Tax
- DTC – Direct Tax Code
- Comparison between Surcharge and Cess
- Distribution of Tax Revenues
- Taxation: Important Institutions
- Steps taken to reduce Tax Avoidance in India
- Taxation related terms and terminologies
- Government Debt
Planning & Economic Reforms
- Decentralized Planning
- Multi-Level Planning
- Central sector and Centrally Sponsored Schemes
- Planning Institutions: Planning Commission
- NITI Aayog
- National Development Council (NDC)
- Five Year Plans in India: 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017)
- Alternative Scenarios During 12th Plan
- Economic Planning: Meaning, Objectives, Strategies
- Harrod Domar strategy
- Nehru Mahalanobis strategy
- Gandhian strategy
- LPG strategy
- Regional and National Planning
- Imperative and Indicative Planning
- History of Planning in India
- Visvesvaraya Plan, Gandhian Plan, FICCI Proposal, Congress Plan, Bombay Plan
- Planning Commission and National Development Council (NDC) History
External Sector & International Organizations
- Balance of Payments (BOP)
- Foreign Capital – FDI, FPI, FII, QFI
- Foreign Exchange–Exchange Rate, NEER & REER, ETF
- FERA & FEMA
- Capital Account Convertibility in India
- India's External Debt
- NRI Deposits
- Trade Composition
- Import/Export Controls
- Export Promotion
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- Exchange Rate Policy
- United Nations
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
- International Labour Organization (ILO)
- International Maritime Organization (IMO)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
- United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
- Universal Postal Union (UPU)
- World Bank Group (WBG)
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
- International Finance Corporation (IFC)
- International Development Association (IDA)
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
- World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
- World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- Asian Development Bank
- Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
- New Development Bank
- African Development Bank
- Various Trade Agreements
- Global Foreign Exchange Committee
- New Developments in External Sector
Human Development, Poverty & Employment
- Human Development: Concepts and Approaches
- UNDP Human Development Report (HDR)
- Gender Inequality Index, Global Gender Gap Index, Gender Parity Index Comparison
- World Happiness Report
- World Bank - Human Capital Project
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030
- Poverty: Definition and Indices
- Poverty in India
- Human Poverty Index (HPI)
- Expert Groups for Estimating Poverty
- Multidimensional Poverty
- Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC)
- Employment and Unemployment Concepts
- Poverty Eradication and Employment Related programs
- Government Schemes and Programs (Economic Development)
- Various Committees on Poverty and Employment
Agriculture Sector in Indian Economy
- Agriculture Key statistics
- Economic Survey on Agriculture
- Union Budgets on Agriculture
- Important terminologies related to Cropping
- Agricultural System
- Sustainable Agriculture
- Important Agriculture and Income Support Schemes
- Committees related to Agriculture
- Other Agriculture related Institutions
- Major Agreements and concepts under WTO (World Trade Organization)
- Rainbow Revolution in Agriculture
- Animal Husbandry
- Land Reforms
Industry & Infrastructure in Indian Economy
- Classification Of Industries
- Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
- Eight Core Sectors
- Economic Survey on Industry
- Important Industrial Locations
- Strategic and Critical Minerals
- Economic Reforms related to Industries
- Disinvestment of PSEs
- Types of Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs)
- Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
- National Investment & Manufacturing Zones (NIMZ)
- Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme
- Industrial Corridors
- Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC)
- Industry Related Schemes and Initiatives
- National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP)
- Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)
- Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
- Important Industrial Reports
Service Sector in Indian Economy
- Spread of Service Sector
- Service Sector Performance
- National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF)
- Purchasing Managers Index (PMI)
- Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
- Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) Report, 2022
- Champion Services Sector (CSS)
- WTO and Services
- Service Sector Government Schemes & Initiatives
- Services: Economic Survey 2021-22
- IT and Telecom Services
Science & Technology
Policy & Organization of S&T
- Role of S&T in the Developing World
- S&T Policy in India - History
- Awards related to Science
- New Initiatives Aligned with the National Agenda
- India and World collaboration in science projects
- Technology Vision Document 2035
- National Intellectual Property Rights Policy
- Policy on Synthetic Biology
- List of Various Centre Institutions and Bureaus
- Ministries and Department for science and Technology
- Department of Science & Technology
Space Technology & Missions
- Space Technology
- Indian Space research Programme
- ISRO and ANTRIX
- Orbits Type
- Satellite Launching Systems
- Terminologies Related to the Space Science
- Earth Observation Systems
- Satellite Communication in India
- Remote sensing applications - IRS Systems
- INSAT Satellite Application
- GSAT Satellite Application
- Launch vehicle Technology
- GSLV and Various Engine
- Recent National and International Space Missions
- Cryogenic rockets
- Chandrayaan – I & II
- Mars Orbiter Mission
- Space Organisations
- Space race/Space junk
- New Developments in the field of Space
- Developments in India and in the World: South Asia Satellite
- Developments in India and in the World: Neutrino Observatory
- Developments in India and in the World: Solar Mission- ADITYA
- Developments in India and in the World: Gravitational Waves
IT, Communication, AI & Robotics
- Ministry of Communication and information Technology
- Government initiatives in ICT
- Cyber Law
- Computer Terminology and Fundamental
- History of Computers
- Types of Computers
- Mobile Generations and Technology
- Definition and Impact of ICT on Society
- Evolution of Telecommunication
- Media Transmission technology
- Networking: Bluetooth, WIFI Hotspot
- National E Governance Plan
- Net Neutrality
- Internet of Things
- Big Data Initiative and Privacy
- Cyber crime and security
- Spectrum
- Quantum computing
- Application of Superconductors
- Types and Applications of LASERS
- Artificial Intelligence and Application
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
- Classification of Robots
- Applications of Robotics
- What is Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?
- Origination of Nanoscience and Technology
- Basics of Nanoscience
- Nanomaterials
- Applications of nanotechnology
Defence & Nuclear Technology
- Defence Technology Organizations
- Missile system and classification
- Ballistic vs Cruise Missile
- Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
- Other Government Initiatives in Defence
- Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Fuels
- Types of nuclear reactions (Fusion and Fission)
- Nuclear Programme in India
- Nuclear Organisations / Institutions
- Department of Atomic Energy
- BARC
- Radiation and Radioactivity
- Radiation Technologies and Applications
- Radioactive Waste and Nuclear Waste Management
Biotechnology & Biology
- Intellectual Property Rights (Meaning and Types)
- IPR and Agriculture
- Biotechnology in India
- Department of BT
- Various Fields of BT
- Genetics and Biotechnology
- Industrial genetics
- Genetic engineering
- DNA sequencing
- Biological fuel generation
- Global warming and the significance of fossils fuels
- Microbial Ecology Environmental Biotechnology
- Waste water and sewage treatment
- Landfilling technologies
- Microbes and the geological environment
- Plant and Forest biotechnology
- Animal and Insect biotechnology
- Food and Beverage Biotechnology
- Biotechnology and medicine
- Pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals
- Protection of biotechnological inventions
- Patent protection Trade secrets
- Plant breeders’ rights
- Achievements of Biotechnology in different fields
- Designer Babies’ or Three Parents Babies
- Origin of Life and Cells
- Inheritance (Genetics)
- DNA, The Genetic Material
- Gene Expression
- Gene Regulation
- Mutation
- Recombinant DNA Technology
- Classification and Domains of Life
- General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Viruses
- Human & Animal Evolution
- Tissues
- Endocrine System: Hypothalamus
- Endocrine System: Pineal body (epiphysis)
- Endocrine System: Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
- Endocrine System: Thyroid
- Endocrine System: Adrenal glands
- Endocrine System: Reproductive glands
- Respiratory System: External and Internal Respiration
- Respiratory System in Humans and Animals
- The Transport System in Organisms
- Skeletal and Muscular Systems
- Reproductive System
- Excretory System
- Nutrition: Classification by Source of Energy and Carbon
- Plant & Animal Nutrition
- The Digestive System
- Photosynthesis
- Communicable diseases
- Non-Communicable diseases
- Economic Zoology: Beneficial animals
- Economic Zoology: Harmful animals
Physics & Cosmic Physics
- Waves
- Light
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Ray optics
- Reflection
- Refraction
- Dispersion
- Scattering of light
- Rayleigh scattering
- Raman Scattering
- Total Internal reflection
- Optical Illusions
- Mirage
- Looming
- Rainbow
- Twinkling of stars
- Plane Mirror
- Periscope
- Spherical mirror
- Concave mirror and Applications
- Convex mirror and Applications
- Concave lens and Applications
- Convex lens and Applications
- Defects of vision
- Myopia (nearsightedness) & Correction - concave lens
- Hypermetropia (farsightedness) & Correction - convex lens
- Astigmatism
- Cataract and Correction
- Ohm's law
- Type of material: Conductor
- Type of material: Insulators
- Type of material: Semiconductor
- Type of material: Superconductor
- Series and parallel connection
- Fuse
- Effects of current
- Chemical effect of current
- Electrolytic
- Non-electrolytic
- Ions (charged particles)
- Electroplating
- Galvanization
- Chrome plating
- Dynamo
- Motor
- Inverters
- Alternating current (AC) & Direct current (DC)
- Magnetic effect of current
- Electromagnetic induction
- Application of EMI
- Wireless charging
- Eddy current
- Latent heat
- Abnormal behavior of water
- Surface tension
- Cohesive force
- Adhesive force
- Applications of surface tension
- Capillarity
- Archimedes principle
- Gravitation
- Escape Velocity
- Galaxy
- Stars
- Planet
- Asteroids
- Satellite
- Comet
- Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites
- Chandrasekhar Limit
- White Dwarf
- Supernova Explosion
- Black Hole
- Kuiper Belt
- Heliosphere & Hydrogen Wall
- Interstellar
- Goldilocks Zone
- Force Carriers
- Electromagnetic Gravitation
- Antimatter, Dark Matter
- Higgs-Boson Theory
- Theory of General Relativity
- Gravitational Lensing
- Expansion of Universe
- Evidence of Dark Energy
Chemistry
- Matter
- Plasma
- Atom
- Quarks and their Types
- Up Quark: + 2/3 charge
- Down Quark: - 1/3 charge
- Isotopes
- Nuclear fusion & Nuclear fission (Cosmic/General Chemistry)
- Radioactivity & Alpha/Beta/Gamma decay
- Neutrinos
- Half-life
- Periodic Table
- Atomic Structure
- Metal and Non-Metals
- Acids and Bases
- Carbon, Allotropes, Hydrocarbon
- Phosphorous: Black-P (good conductor)
- Phosphorous: White -P (used in matchstick)
- Phosphorous: Red -P (used in matchstick)
- Graphite
- Ozone
- Halogen Family
- The Noble Gases
- Rare Earth Elements and Applications
- Types of Acids - Organic Acid, Formic acid, Acetic acid, Inorganic Acid
- Base
- Baking agents
- Chemical Explosives
- Soaps and Detergents: chemistry of Surfactants
- Important Chemistry Terms: Phosphorescence
- Important Chemistry Terms: Fluorescence
- Important Chemistry Terms: Luminescence
- Important Chemistry Terms: Bioluminescence
- Important Chemistry Terms: Efflorescence
The Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT) requires a qualifying score of 33%. Checks basic numeracy, data interpretation, logical reasoning, and reading comprehension.
CSAT Aptitude & Reasoning
Basic Numeracy & Arithmetic
- Number System: Classification of Numbers
- Number System: Divisibility Rules
- Number System: Remainder Theorem
- Number System: Unit Digit & Number of Zeros
- Number System: Factors & Multiples
- Number System: Prime Numbers & Coprimes
- LCM and HCF: Basic Concepts
- LCM and HCF: Word Problems & Applications
- Fractions and Decimals: Comparison & Operations
- Simplification: BODMAS Rule
- Squares, Cubes, Square Roots & Cube Roots
- Surds and Indices: Laws & Comparison
- Percentage: Core Concepts & Successive Percentage Changes
- Percentage: Word Problems (Election, Population, etc.)
- Profit, Loss, and Discount: Basic Formulae
- Profit, Loss, and Discount: Marked Price & Successive Discounts
- Simple Interest (SI): Formula & Word Problems
- Compound Interest (CI): Formula & Installments
- Ratio and Proportion: Rules & Scaling
- Ratio and Proportion: Share Division & Coin Problems
- Partnership: Investment Ratio & Profit Distribution
- Mixture and Alligation: Weighted Average & Replacement Formulas
- Averages: Core Concept & Consecutive Numbers
- Averages: Weighted Average & Group Average Changes
- Problems on Ages & Word Problems
- Time and Work: Efficiency & Individual Work Rates
- Time and Work: Pipes and Cisterns
- Time, Speed, and Distance: Conversions & Relative Speed
- Time, Speed, and Distance: Average Speed & Train Problems
- Time, Speed, and Distance: Boats and Streams
- Time, Speed, and Distance: Circular Tracks & Races
Advanced Mathematics
- Algebra: Algebraic Identities & Factorization
- Algebra: Linear Equations in One & Two Variables
- Algebra: Quadratic Equations & Roots
- Mensuration 2D: Area and Perimeter of Triangles
- Mensuration 2D: Area and Perimeter of Quadrilaterals & Polygons
- Mensuration 2D: Circle properties, Area & Sector Area
- Mensuration 3D: Volume & Surface Area of Cube & Cuboid
- Mensuration 3D: Volume & Surface Area of Cylinder & Cone
- Mensuration 3D: Volume & Surface Area of Sphere & Hemisphere
- Permutations and Combinations (P&C): Factorial Notation
- Permutations and Combinations (P&C): Fundamental Principles of Counting
- Permutations and Combinations (P&C): Linear & Circular Arrangement
- Permutations and Combinations (P&C): Selection Rules
- Probability: Basic Terminology & Sample Space
- Probability: Classical, Empirical & Axiomatic Probability
- Probability: Independent Events & Conditional Probability
- Probability: Card Problems, Coin Problems & Dice Problems
- Set Theory: Venn Diagrams & Set Operations
- Progressions: Arithmetic Progression (AP) - Nth term & Sum
- Progressions: Geometric Progression (GP) - Nth term & Sum
- Clocks: Angle between Hands & Gain/Loss of Time
- Calendars: Odd Days Concept & Finding Day of Week
Data Interpretation & Sufficiency
- Data Interpretation: Reading and Analyzing Tables
- Data Interpretation: Simple & Grouped Bar Charts
- Data Interpretation: Single & Multiple Line Graphs
- Data Interpretation: Pie Charts & Degree-to-Percentage Conversions
- Data Interpretation: Caselets & Venn Diagram Interpretation
- Data Interpretation: Combined/Mixed Charts
- Data Sufficiency: Single and Multi-statement sufficiency analysis
- Data Sufficiency: Quantitative DS questions
- Data Sufficiency: Logical/Analytical DS questions
Logical & Verbal Reasoning
- Coding and Decoding: Letter Coding
- Coding and Decoding: Number Coding & Deciphering Messages
- Blood Relations: Family Tree Diagrams & Coded Relations
- Direction Sense Test: Compass points & Shadow Problems
- Direction Sense Test: Pythagoras theorem applications in directions
- Venn Diagrams: Syllogism - Two/Three/Four statement deductions
- Venn Diagrams: Syllogism - Possibility Cases & Reverse Syllogisms
- Logical Deductions: Logical Consistency and Connectives
- Alphabet Test: Alphabetic Order, Letter Pairs & Word Formation
- Alpha-Numeric Series: Missing Terms & Analogy Series
- Number Series: Arithmetic, Geometric, Fibonacci & Prime Pattern Series
- Ranking & Ordering: Position Ranking in a Row
- Ranking & Ordering: Comparison of Weights, Heights or Ages
- Mathematical Operations: Sign Substitutions & Equation Balancing
- Analogy and Classification: Words, Letters & Numbers
- Cubes and Dice: Cutting Cubes, Painted Cubes & Dice Faces
Analytical Reasoning & Puzzles
- Sitting Arrangement: Linear Arrangements (Facing North/South)
- Sitting Arrangement: Circular Arrangements (Facing Inward/Outward)
- Sitting Arrangement: Square and Rectangular Arrangements
- Puzzles: Scheduling (Days, Weeks, Months, Years)
- Puzzles: Grouping and Team Selection Puzzles
- Puzzles: Floor Puzzles & Box Puzzles
- Puzzles: Matrix/Grid puzzles with multiple variables
- Critical Reasoning: Drawing Conclusions & Inferences
- Critical Reasoning: Evaluating Arguments (Strong/Weak)
- Critical Reasoning: Identifying Assumptions
- Critical Reasoning: Course of Action & Decision Making scenarios
- Critical Reasoning: Cause and Effect, Assertion & Reason
- Non-Verbal Reasoning: Series, Analogy & Classification of Figures
- Non-Verbal Reasoning: Mirror Images and Water Images
- Non-Verbal Reasoning: Paper Folding and Paper Cutting
- Non-Verbal Reasoning: Completion of Incomplete Patterns
- Non-Verbal Reasoning: Counting of Figures (Triangles, Squares, Rectangles)
Reading Comprehension
- Comprehension: Finding the Central Theme/Main Idea of a Passage
- Comprehension: Drawing Critical Inferences & Conclusions
- Comprehension: Identifying Crucial Assumptions made by the author
- Comprehension: Finding Corollaries and Crux of the Passage
- Comprehension: Identifying Tone, Style & Author's Argumentative Structure
- Comprehension: Answering Direct/Factual questions from passages
- Comprehension: Vocabulary-based contextual questions