:root{--primary: #8e44ad;--primary-dark: #6c3483;--primary-light: #a569bd;--primary-glow: rgba(142, 68, 173, .4);--secondary: #e74c3c;--accent: #f39c12;--accent-glow: rgba(243, 156, 18, .25);--success: #27ae60;--error: #c0392b;--text-dark: #2c3e50;--text-light: #555555;--white: #ffffff;--card-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--card-glass: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--card-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--box-bg: rgba(241, 245, 249, .8);--border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .06);--header-bg: rgba(255, 255, 255, .72);--accordion-header: rgba(248, 250, 252, .7);--bg-mesh: radial-gradient(at 20% 20%, rgba(142, 68, 173, .08) 0px, transparent 50%), radial-gradient(at 80% 10%, rgba(243, 156, 18, .08) 0px, transparent 50%), radial-gradient(at 50% 80%, rgba(231, 76, 60, .06) 0px, transparent 50%), linear-gradient(135deg, #fdfbfd 0%, #f4ecf7 100%);--shadow-sm: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--shadow-md: 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, .08);--shadow-lg: 0 16px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, .12);--shadow-glow: 0 0 30px rgba(142, 68, 173, .2);--shadow-hover: 0 20px 50px -10px rgba(142, 68, 173, .25);--radius: 20px;--radius-sm: 12px;--radius-xs: 6px;--ease-out: cubic-bezier(.16, 1, .3, 1);--ease-bounce: cubic-bezier(.34, 1.56, .64, 1);--ease-spring: cubic-bezier(.175, .885, .32, 1.275);--speed-fast: .2s;--speed: .5s;--speed-slow: .8s;--focus-ring: 3px solid rgba(142, 68, 173, .4)}body.dark-mode{--primary: #be93d4;--primary-dark: #9b59b6;--primary-light: #d2b4de;--primary-glow: rgba(190, 147, 212, .3);--secondary: #ff6b6b;--accent: #ffd93d;--text-dark: #ecf0f1;--text-light: #bdc3c7;--white: #1f2937;--card-bg: rgba(31, 41, 55, .8);--card-glass: rgba(31, 41, 55, .6);--card-border: rgba(255, 255, 255, .08);--box-bg: rgba(44, 62, 80, .7);--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .08);--header-bg: rgba(31, 41, 55, .9);--accordion-header: rgba(44, 62, 80, .6);--bg-mesh: radial-gradient(at 20% 20%, rgba(155, 89, 182, .15) 0px, transparent 50%), linear-gradient(135deg, #1a1a2e 0%, #16213e 100%);--shadow-sm: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--shadow-md: 0 8px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, .4);--shadow-lg: 0 16px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);--shadow-hover: 0 20px 50px rgba(142, 68, 173, .3)}*,*:before,*:after{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;font-family:Poppins,system-ui,-apple-system,sans-serif}i[class*=fa-]:before,.fas:before,.far:before,.fab:before{font-family:inherit!important}body{background:var(--bg-mesh);background-attachment:fixed;color:var(--text-dark);overflow-x:clip;line-height:1.8;transition:background var(--speed) var(--ease-out),color var(--speed) var(--ease-out);-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;min-height:100vh}:focus-visible{outline:var(--focus-ring);outline-offset:3px}::selection{background:var(--primary);color:#fff}.progress-container{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:3px;background:transparent;z-index:2000}.progress-bar{height:100%;width:0%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--primary),var(--accent),var(--secondary),var(--primary));background-size:400% 100%;box-shadow:0 0 20px var(--primary-glow),0 0 60px #7c3aed1a;transition:width .15s var(--ease-out);animation:progressShimmer 3s linear infinite}@keyframes progressShimmer{0%{background-position:0% 50%}to{background-position:400% 50%}}.progress-perc{position:absolute;right:12px;top:8px;font-size:.7rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--primary);opacity:0;transition:opacity .4s;background:var(--white);padding:2px 10px;border-radius:50px;pointer-events:none;box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm);letter-spacing:.5px}header{background:var(--header-bg);backdrop-filter:blur(20px) saturate(180%);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(20px) saturate(180%);padding:1rem 5%;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color);position:sticky;top:0;z-index:1000;transition:all .4s var(--ease-out)}header.scrolled{padding:.6rem 5%;box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);border-bottom-color:transparent;background:var(--header-bg)}.logo{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:800;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;text-decoration:none;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--primary),var(--secondary));background-clip:text;-webkit-background-clip:text;color:transparent}.nav-controls{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;max-width:900px;margin:2rem auto;padding:0 1rem;gap:12px;align-items:stretch}.nav-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:14px 28px;background:var(--card-bg);backdrop-filter:blur(12px);color:var(--primary)!important;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700;border-radius:50px;border:1px solid var(--card-border);box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm);font-size:.95rem;position:relative;overflow:hidden;transition:all .4s var(--ease-spring)}.nav-btn:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:-120%;width:80%;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,transparent,rgba(255,255,255,.6),transparent);transform:skew(-20deg);transition:left .6s}.nav-btn:hover{transform:translateY(-4px) scale(1.03);box-shadow:var(--shadow-hover);border-color:var(--primary-light);background:var(--white)}.nav-btn:hover:before{left:120%}.nav-btn i{transition:transform .4s var(--ease-spring)}.nav-btn:hover i{transform:scale(1.2)}.content-wrapper{max-width:900px;margin:0 auto 4rem;padding:0 1.5rem;overflow-x:visible}h1.chapter-title{font-size:clamp(2rem,5vw,3rem);background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--primary-dark),var(--primary),var(--accent));background-size:200% 200%;background-clip:text;-webkit-background-clip:text;color:transparent;text-align:center;margin-bottom:.5rem;letter-spacing:-.5px;line-height:1.2;animation:titleGradient 6s ease infinite}@keyframes titleGradient{0%,to{background-position:0% 50%}50%{background-position:100% 50%}}.chapter-subtitle{text-align:center;color:var(--text-light);margin-bottom:1rem;font-size:1.1rem;opacity:.8;font-weight:500}.reading-time{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:12px;background:var(--white);padding:8px 22px;border-radius:50px;font-size:.88rem;color:var(--text-dark);box-shadow:var(--shadow-sm);margin:0 auto 3rem;border:1px solid var(--border-color);text-align:center;width:fit-content;transition:all .3s var(--ease-out)}.reading-time:hover{box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);transform:translateY(-2px)}body.dark-mode .reading-time{background:var(--card-bg);color:var(--text-light)}.reading-time i{color:var(--accent)}.note-section{background:var(--card-bg);backdrop-filter:blur(24px) saturate(180%);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(24px) saturate(180%);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:2.5rem;margin-bottom:2.5rem;box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);border:1px solid var(--card-border);overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word;position:relative;transition:transform .6s var(--ease-out),box-shadow .6s var(--ease-out)}.note-section:hover{transform:translateY(-6px);box-shadow:var(--shadow-hover)}.note-section:before{content:"";position:absolute;inset:-1px;border-radius:inherit;padding:1.5px;background:linear-gradient(var(--border-angle, 0deg),var(--primary-light),transparent 40%,transparent 60%,var(--accent));-webkit-mask:linear-gradient(#fff 0 0) content-box,linear-gradient(#fff 0 0);-webkit-mask-composite:xor;mask:linear-gradient(#fff 0 0) content-box,linear-gradient(#fff 0 0);mask-composite:exclude;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;transition:opacity .6s}.note-section:hover:before{opacity:1;animation:rotateBorder 4s linear infinite}@keyframes rotateBorder{to{--border-angle: 360deg}}@property --border-angle{syntax: "<angle>"; initial-value: 0deg; inherits: false;}.note-section h2{font-size:clamp(1.3rem,3vw,1.6rem);color:var(--primary);margin-bottom:1.5rem;padding-bottom:.5rem;position:relative;display:inline-block}.note-section h2:after{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:40px;height:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--primary),var(--accent));border-radius:2px;transition:width .6s var(--ease-out)}.note-section:hover h2:after{width:100%}.note-section h3{font-size:1.15rem;color:var(--text-dark);margin-top:1.5rem;margin-bottom:.8rem;line-height:1.4}.note-section p,.note-section li{max-width:70ch;line-height:1.85;font-size:1.1rem}.math-scroll{overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;padding:8px 0;margin:1rem 0;scrollbar-width:thin;scrollbar-color:var(--primary-light) transparent}.box-formula,.box-ncert,.box-tip,pre,code{overflow-x:auto;max-width:100%}.math-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar{height:4px}.math-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar-track{background:transparent}.math-scroll::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:var(--primary-light);border-radius:4px}.math-scroll.has-overflow{position:relative}.math-scroll.has-overflow:after{content:"\2192";position:absolute;right:0;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);color:var(--primary-light);font-size:.8rem;opacity:.6;animation:scrollHint 1.5s ease infinite;pointer-events:none}@keyframes scrollHint{0%,to{transform:translateY(-50%) translate(0);opacity:.6}50%{transform:translateY(-50%) translate(5px);opacity:1}}.calc-box{background:var(--card-bg);border:1px solid var(--card-border);padding:30px;border-radius:var(--radius);text-align:center;margin:30px 0;width:100%;position:relative;overflow:hidden;backdrop-filter:blur(8px);transition:transform .4s var(--ease-out),box-shadow .4s}.calc-box:hover{transform:translateY(-3px);box-shadow:var(--shadow-lg)}.calc-box h3{color:var(--primary);margin-bottom:15px;font-size:1.2rem}.input-group{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:15px;margin:25px 0;flex-wrap:wrap}.set-input,.calc-input{width:100%;max-width:280px;padding:14px 18px;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);border:2px solid var(--border-color);text-align:center;background:var(--white);color:var(--text-dark);font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;transition:all .3s var(--ease-out)}.set-input:focus,.calc-input:focus{border-color:var(--primary);box-shadow:0 0 0 4px var(--primary-glow);outline:none;transform:translateY(-2px)}.calc-btn{padding:14px 36px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--primary),var(--primary-dark));color:#fff;border:none;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);cursor:pointer;font-weight:700;font-size:.95rem;transition:all .3s var(--ease-spring);margin:5px 0;position:relative;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 6px 20px var(--primary-glow);letter-spacing:.3px}.calc-btn:hover{transform:translateY(-3px) scale(1.02);box-shadow:0 12px 35px var(--primary-glow)}.calc-btn:active{transform:translateY(0) scale(.98)}.result-panel{background:var(--card-bg);margin-top:20px;padding:20px;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);text-align:left;display:none;border-left:4px solid var(--accent);animation:slideUp .5s var(--ease-spring)}.result-text{font-family:Fira Code,Consolas,monospace;display:block;margin-top:8px;font-size:1.05rem;word-break:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap;color:var(--primary)}.result-row{padding:8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color);font-size:.95rem}.res-label{font-weight:600;color:var(--text-light);margin-right:10px}.res-val{font-weight:700;color:var(--primary);font-family:Fira Code,monospace;font-size:1.05em}.copy-btn{position:absolute;top:10px;right:10px;width:34px;height:34px;border-radius:var(--radius-xs);border:1px solid var(--border-color);background:var(--white);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;cursor:pointer;color:var(--text-light);transition:all .25s;opacity:.5}.copy-btn:hover{opacity:1;background:var(--primary);color:#fff;border-color:var(--primary);transform:scale(1.1)}.simulator-container{margin:20px 0;text-align:center}.coin-icon{font-size:4.5rem;color:var(--accent);margin-bottom:10px;transition:transform .6s var(--ease-bounce);filter:drop-shadow(0 4px 12px var(--accent-glow))}.coin-animate{transform:rotateY(720deg) scale(1.1)}.stats-bar{display:flex;justify-content:space-around;margin-top:15px;font-weight:700;gap:10px}.tabs-header{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:4px;margin-bottom:25px;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:5px;background:var(--box-bg);border-radius:50px;border:1px solid var(--border-color)}.tab-btn{padding:10px 24px;border:none;background:transparent;color:var(--text-light);border-radius:50px;cursor:pointer;font-weight:600;transition:all .4s var(--ease-spring);flex:1 1 auto;min-width:100px;white-space:nowrap;font-size:.95rem}.tab-btn:hover{color:var(--primary);background:#7c3aed0d}.tab-btn.active{background:var(--primary);color:#fff;box-shadow:0 4px 20px var(--primary-glow);transform:scale(1.02)}.tab-content{display:none}.tab-content.active{display:block;animation:contentReveal .5s var(--ease-out)}@keyframes contentReveal{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(12px) scale(.98)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0) scale(1)}}.accordion-item{border:1px solid var(--border-color);border-radius:var(--radius-sm);margin-bottom:12px;overflow:hidden;transition:all .4s var(--ease-out);background:var(--card-bg)}.accordion-item:hover{box-shadow:0 4px 20px var(--primary-glow);border-color:var(--primary-light)}.accordion-header{width:100%;text-align:left;background:var(--accordion-header);padding:18px 22px;cursor:pointer;font-weight:600;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;color:var(--text-dark);transition:all .3s var(--ease-out);border:none;font-family:inherit;font-size:1.05rem}.accordion-header:hover{background:var(--card-glass);padding-left:26px}.accordion-header i{transition:transform .4s var(--ease-spring);color:var(--primary);font-size:.85rem}.accordion-header.active i{transform:rotate(180deg)}.accordion-body{display:block;max-height:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;transition:max-height .5s ease,opacity .4s ease,padding .4s ease;padding:0 22px;background:var(--card-bg);border-top:1px solid var(--border-color);color:var(--text-dark)}.accordion-body.open{max-height:2000px;opacity:1;padding:22px}.table-container{width:100%;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;margin:30px 0;border-radius:var(--radius);box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);background:var(--card-bg);border:1px solid var(--card-border)}.styled-table{width:100%;border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0 6px;font-size:.95rem;padding:8px 16px 16px}.styled-table thead tr{background:transparent;color:var(--primary)}.styled-table th{padding:16px 20px;font-weight:800;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1.2px;font-size:.78rem;border:none;color:var(--primary)}.styled-table tbody tr{background:#ffffff73;backdrop-filter:blur(4px);transition:all .35s var(--ease-out);border-radius:var(--radius-xs)}body.dark-mode .styled-table tbody tr{background:#ffffff08}.styled-table tbody tr:hover{transform:scale(1.01);background:var(--white);box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);z-index:1;position:relative}body.dark-mode .styled-table tbody tr:hover{background:#ffffff14}.styled-table td{padding:16px 20px;border:none;color:var(--text-dark)}.styled-table td:first-child{border-radius:12px 0 0 12px;font-weight:600;color:var(--primary)}.styled-table td:last-child{border-radius:0 12px 12px 0}@media(max-width:992px){.styled-table thead{display:none}.styled-table,.styled-table tbody,.styled-table tr,.styled-table td{display:block;width:100%}.styled-table tr{margin-bottom:16px;background:var(--card-bg)!important;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);padding:8px;border:1px solid var(--border-color)}.styled-table td{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;text-align:right;padding:12px 10px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color)}.styled-table td:first-child{border-radius:0}.styled-table td:last-child{border-bottom:none;border-radius:0}.styled-table td:before{content:attr(data-label);font-weight:700;color:var(--primary);text-transform:uppercase;font-size:.72rem;letter-spacing:.5px}}.flip-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(260px,1fr));gap:20px;margin:20px 0}.flip-card{background-color:transparent;height:200px;perspective:1000px;cursor:pointer}.flip-card-inner{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%;text-align:center;transition:transform .7s var(--ease-spring);transform-style:preserve-3d;box-shadow:var(--shadow-md);border-radius:var(--radius-sm)}.flip-card.flipped .flip-card-inner{transform:rotateY(180deg)}.flip-card-front,.flip-card-back{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding:20px}.flip-card-front{background:var(--card-bg);color:var(--text-dark);border:1px solid var(--border-color)}.flip-card-back{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--primary),var(--primary-dark));color:#fff;transform:rotateY(180deg)}.quiz-container{background:var(--card-bg);backdrop-filter:blur(16px);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(16px);border:1px solid var(--card-border);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:2.5rem;margin-bottom:2.5rem;box-shadow:var(--shadow-lg);position:relative;overflow:hidden}.quiz-container:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:4px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--accent),var(--primary),var(--secondary));background-size:200% 100%;animation:progressShimmer 3s linear infinite}.quiz-option{display:flex;align-items:center;width:100%;text-align:left;background:var(--card-glass);padding:18px 24px;margin:10px 0;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);cursor:pointer;border:2px solid transparent;transition:all .35s var(--ease-spring);color:var(--text-dark);font-family:inherit;font-size:1.02rem;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.quiz-option:before{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:0;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--primary-glow),transparent);transition:width .4s;z-index:-1}.quiz-option:hover{border-color:var(--primary);transform:translate(6px);box-shadow:var(--shadow-glow)}.quiz-option:hover:before{width:100%}.quiz-option.correct{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#d1fae5,#a7f3d0);border-color:var(--success);color:#065f46;transform:scale(1.02)}.quiz-option.correct:after{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:4px;height:100%;background:var(--success);border-radius:var(--radius-sm) 0 0 var(--radius-sm)}.quiz-option.wrong{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fee2e2,#fecaca);border-color:var(--error);color:#991b1b}.quiz-option.wrong:after{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:4px;height:100%;background:var(--error);border-radius:var(--radius-sm) 0 0 var(--radius-sm)}body.dark-mode .quiz-option{background:#ffffff0a}body.dark-mode .quiz-option.correct{background:#10b98126;color:#6ee7b7}body.dark-mode .quiz-option.wrong{background:#ef444426;color:#fca5a5}.scroll-top-btn{position:fixed;bottom:30px;right:30px;width:50px;height:50px;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--primary),var(--primary-dark));color:#fff;border:none;border-radius:50%;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.1rem;box-shadow:0 8px 25px var(--primary-glow);transition:all .4s var(--ease-spring);opacity:0;visibility:hidden;transform:translateY(20px) scale(.8);z-index:999;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.scroll-top-btn.visible{opacity:1;visibility:visible;transform:translateY(0) scale(1)}.scroll-top-btn:hover{transform:translateY(-6px) scale(1.1);box-shadow:0 15px 40px var(--primary-glow)}.venn-container,.visual-container,.graph-canvas-container{width:100%;max-width:450px;margin:0 auto 20px;background:var(--card-bg);border:1px solid var(--border-color);border-radius:var(--radius-sm);text-align:center;padding:15px}.graph-canvas-container,.visual-container{height:350px;position:relative}.venn-btn-group,.graph-controls{display:flex;gap:8px;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:15px 0}.venn-btn,.graph-btn{padding:8px 18px;background:var(--card-bg);border:1px solid var(--border-color);color:var(--text-dark);border-radius:50px;cursor:pointer;transition:all .3s;font-weight:600;font-size:.88rem}.venn-btn:hover,.graph-btn:hover,.graph-btn.active{background:var(--primary);color:#fff;border-color:var(--primary);box-shadow:0 4px 12px var(--primary-glow)}.section-counter{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;font-size:.8rem;color:var(--text-light);opacity:.7;margin-top:1rem}.breadcrumb span:last-child:after,.breadcrumb .separator{display:none}.comparison-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 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